Digital mapping of coastal boulders – high-resolution data acquisition to infer past and recent transport dynamics     

Fabian Boesl  Max Engel  Rodrigo C. Eco  JaN B. Galang  Lia A. Gonzalo  Francesca Llanes  Eva Quix  Helmut Brückner 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1393-1410

Coastal boulder fields provide clues to long-term frequency-magnitude patterns of coastal flooding events and have the potential to play an important role in coastal hazard assessment. Mapping boulders in the field is time and labour-intensive, and work on intertidal reef platforms, as in the present study, is physically challenging. By addressing coastal scientists who are not specialists in remote sensing, this contribution reports on the possibilities and limitations of digital applications in boulder mapping in Eastern Samar, Philippines, where recent supertyphoons Haiyan and Hagupit induced high waves, coastal flooding and boulder transport. It is demonstrated how satellite imagery of sub-metre resolution (from Pléiades and WorldView-3 imagery) enables efficient analysis of transport vectors and distances of larger boulders, reflecting variation in latitudes of both typhoon tracks and approaching angles of typhoon-generated waves. During the investigated events, boulders with a-axes of up to 8 m were clearly identified to have been shifted for up to 32 m, mostly along the seaward margin of the boulder field. It is, however, hard to keep track of smaller boulders, and the length of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation is often impossible to map with sufficient accuracy. Orthophotographs and digital surface models created through the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle and the ‘Structure from Motion’ technique provide ultra-high-resolution data, and have the potential to not only improve the results of satellite image analysis, but also those from field mapping and may significantly reduce overall time in the field. Orthophotographs permit unequivocal mapping of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation, while precise values for c-axes can be derived from the respective digital surface models. Volume of boulders is best inferred from boulder-specific Structure from Motion-based three-dimensional models. Battery power, flight speed and altitude determine the limits of the area covered, while patches shielded by the boulders are difficult to resolve. For some tasks, field mapping remains mandatory and cannot be replaced by currently available remote sensing tools: for example, sampling for rock type, density and age dating, recording of lithological separation of boulders from the underlying geological unit and of geomorphic features on a millimetre to decimetre-scale, or documentation of fine-grained sediment transport in between the boulders in supratidal settings. In terms of future events, the digital products presented here will provide a valuable reference to track boulder transport on a centimetre to decimetre-scale and to better understand the hydrodynamics of extreme-wave events on a fringing reef coastline.  相似文献   

Sediment transfer in an extremely low-gradient,low-relief and highly buffered system: Darwin Harbour catchment,northern Australia     

M. Nawaz  R. Wasson 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2020,67(3):351-359

Abstract

Sediment yields from and sediment transfer within catchments of very low relief and gradient, which make up about 50% of Earth’s surface, are poorly documented and their internal sediment dynamics are poorly known. Sediment sources, their proportionate contributions to valley floors and sediment yield, and storage are estimated using fallout radionuclides ²¹⁰Pb_(ex) and ¹³⁷Cs in the catchments that drain into Darwin Harbour, northern Australia, an example of this understudied catchment type that appears to be globally at the extreme end of this category of catchments. Unchannelled grassy valley floors (dambos, or seasonal wetlands) trap ～90% of the sediment delivered from hillslopes by sheet and rill erosion. Further down valley, small channels transport ～10% of the sediment that escapes from the dambos, and the remaining sediment comes from erosion of the channels. In this case, the fractional sediment storage is very high as a result of the existence of dambos, a landform that depends for its existence on low gradients.  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部三叠纪末抬升剥蚀事件及热年代学记录   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王建强  刘池洋  赵红格  张东东  ZATTIN Massimiliano  彭恒 《岩石学报》2020,36(4):1199-1212

三叠纪末期大型鄂尔多斯盆地遭受了中生代成盆以来首次较大规模的抬升剥蚀,显著改造了中晚三叠世延长期盆地面貌,并控制了侏罗纪早期沉积格局和油藏分布,对盆地演化及矿产资源分布产生了重要影响。本文利用地质及大量钻井资料揭示了该期构造事件对盆地的剥蚀改造特征,盆地及周邻地区磷灰石裂变径迹年代学记录并约束了此次构造抬升的时限与过程;综合周邻区域构造研究成果,探讨了其发育的动力学背景。结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地三叠纪末期的剥蚀具西南强、东北弱的特点,西南部大范围内延长组地层残缺不全,剥蚀量最大可达1000余米;前侏罗纪沉积古地貌总体呈西南高、北东低的特点;其抬升时间始于205～190Ma,西南部稍早于盆地腹部,抬升速率大于1℃/Myr,可持续至中侏罗世(约160Ma)。该期抬升剥蚀事件范围可涉及至盆地西南缘更广阔的区域,与同期秦岭造山带内出现的快速抬升冷却事件具有较好的时空耦合关系,是对秦岭造山带区域构造环境转变的响应和纪录。该研究丰富和发展了三叠纪末期构造事件在华北克拉通的影响,对该区油气、煤炭资源的进一步勘探和评价提供了新的思路,具有一定的现实意义。  相似文献   

Kainsaz(CO3)陨石中两个富Al球粒的氧同位素组成特征与形成演化     

戴德求  包海梅  刘爽  尹锋 《岩石学报》2020,36(6):1850-1856

富Al球粒是原始球粒陨石中一种矿物岩石学特征介于富钙铝包体(CAIs)和镁铁质硅酸盐球粒之间的特殊集合体,所以常常认为富Al球粒在认识CAIs和镁铁质硅酸盐球粒形成演化过程中的相互联系具有特殊意义。然而,对富Al球粒的初始物质组成以及形成演化过程一直存在较多争议,而氧同位素组成研究能够对球粒演化和早期星云环境等提供重要的信息。在本文中我们报导了来自Kainsaz(1937年降落于俄罗斯,CO3型)碳质球粒陨石中的2个富Al球粒(编号K1-CH1和K2-CH2)的矿物岩石学和氧同位素组成特征。K1-CH1的矿物组成主要为橄榄石、低钙辉石和富钙长石,K2-CH2为橄榄石和富钙长石。2个球粒中的矿物均具有贫~(16)O同位素组成特征。K1-CH1中矿物的△~(17)O组成基本上位于2个区间:-11.1‰～-8.7‰和-3.9‰～0.4‰;而K2-CH2的△~(17)O介于-6.6‰～-0.6‰之间,且具有从中部至边部升高的趋势。矿物岩石学和氧同位素特征表明,这2个富Al球粒的初始物质组成为富CAIs和镁铁质硅酸盐。在球粒熔融结晶过程中,与贫~(16)O同位素组成(△~(17)O:-8.7‰～-7.8‰)的星云发生了氧同位素交换。球粒形成后,发生迁移进入陨石母体,在相对更贫~(16)O同位素组成(△~(17)O:-0.6‰～0.4‰)的母体中(流体参与)发生变质作用,并再次发生了氧同位素交换。  相似文献   

非连续变形分析中块体大转动问题研究     

巩师林  凌道盛  胡成宝  钮家军 《岩土力学》2020,41(11):3810-3822

原有非连续变形分析（DDA）采用一阶近似后的位移增量表达式更新块体构形，推导相关子矩阵，且对不同时步计算出的应变增量直接叠加，当模拟的块体发生大转动时往往会产生较大误差。为考虑块体转动与变形的耦合作用，引入先变形、后转动的块体位移增量表达式。重新推导了惯性力子矩阵，将块体转动时的离心力与科氏力加到荷载矩阵中。计算时对应变分量及其相关变量进行坐标变换与修正，并采用新引入的位移增量表达式计算块体顶点位移，进行后接触修正与更新块体构形。数值算例表明，改进后的程序能够消除转动带来的误差，自动考虑了块体转动时离心力和科氏力引起的变形，应变计算精度更高。改进方法克服了块体体积自由膨胀、应变场畸变等问题，给出了合理的块体应变。  相似文献   

筋土界面特性宏细观分析试验仪器研制与应用     

易富  杜常博  王政宇  于犇 《煤田地质与勘探》2020,48(1):174-182

为了更全面地分析筋土界面相互作用特性，改制了一台可视加筋土界面特性宏细观分析的试验仪器，可开展不同土工合成材料与填料的直剪和拉拔试验；该仪器改进了试验箱的尺寸，可方便两种试验的对比分析，增加了图像摄录系统，可进行试验过程的细观分析。使用新研制仪器分别进行了土工合成材料（土工格栅和土工布）加筋尾矿砂的直剪和拉拔试验，试验结果表明:两种试验条件下，土工格栅与尾矿的界面参数（似黏聚力和似摩擦角）及似摩擦系数均比土工布与尾矿的界面参数和似摩擦系数大；直剪试验下筋材网孔的有无对筋-尾矿界面参数均有较大影响，拉拔试验下筋材网孔有无对筋-尾矿界面参数似黏聚力的影响较为显著，对似摩擦角的影响较小。随着宏观变量法向应力的增加，细观参数孔隙率减小，平均接触数增加，反映在宏观上的现象就是填料颗粒被压密，筋材需要克服的阻力增大。该试验仪器能够较好地分析筋土界面宏细观特性，获得关键技术指标以用于加筋结构的设计。   相似文献   

Cryospheric Changes and Their Impacts on Water Resources in the Belt and Road Regions     

Shichang Kang  Wanqin Guo  Tonghua Wu  Xinyue Zhong  Rensheng Chen  Min Xu  Jinlei Chen  Ruimin Yang 《地球科学进展》2020,35(1):1-17

“Belt and Road” regions include Asia, Europe and eastern and northern Africa, with a wide spatial distribution. The cryosphere is undergoing rapid changes in the Belt and Road regions with global warming, and has an important impact on water resources, ecosystems and Arctic waterways in these regions. This article reviewed recent cryospheric changes and associated impacts on water resources in the Belt and Road regions during the last decades. The main cognitions are as follows: \mathrm{①} Most glaciers are shrinking and glacier mass balances are most negative, but there are regional differences in the changes of glaciers. \mathrm{②} Global temperature rise has resulted in permafrost degradation, including a rise in permafrost temperature and decreasing permafrost thickness as well as an increase in active layer thickness. \mathrm{③} There is a significant decrease in snow cover extent and an increase in snow depth. Snow cover duration has shortened, the onset of snow cover has delayed, and the end of snow cover has advanced. However, there are still obvious regional differences in the changes of snow cover. \mathrm{④} Arctic sea ice has declined precipitously in both extent and thickness in summer, and multi-year sea ice has decreased，indicating the precipitous retreat of sea ice. The freeze-up date of some lakes has been delayed, the break-up date has advanced, and the ice cover duration of river/lake ice has significantly shortened. \mathrm{⑤} Glacial runoff has increased significantly in China. Snowmelt and permafrost degradation have also increased the basin runoff, which indicates the important impact of cryospheric changes on runoff. This study will provide a baseline and important scientific support for addressing climate change and regional sustainable development.  相似文献   

持续大流量过程对黄河内蒙古河段河道塑形能力的分析与思考     

方立  冯缠利  郑宝旺  沈国庭 《地下水》2020,(1):152-154,266

2018年伏秋汛期黄河流域上游持续来水,为保证2108-2019年度黄河流域凌汛期安全,黄河流域重点水库进行了大流量持续下泄。以2018年9月的实际数据为基准,通过对重点水库实际日均出入库调度情况,内蒙古河段的重点水文站实际日均流量过程和三个年份汛期大断面套绘成果对比分析研究,可以得出水库大流量持续下泄对内蒙古河段河道塑形能力起到了关键性作用,有效的提高了主槽过流能力,河段最小平滩流量得到一定的恢复,对下一步研究黄河流域河道过流能力提供了有利的数据支撑和参考价值。  相似文献   

郯庐断裂带南段继承性断裂构造控矿模式研究及其应用效果——以皖东北五河金矿整装勘查为例     

汪青松  张顺林  张金会  张家嘉  尤淼 《地质学报》2020,94(10):2965-2977

郯庐断裂带南段的皖东北地区地质构造复杂，多为厚覆盖区，找矿难度大。由于控矿条件难以调查清楚，缺乏具有区域特色的勘查理论指导，区内金矿勘查长期没有取得突破成果。笔者依托五河金矿整装勘查项目，进行了区域重磁异常特征和成矿规律分析研究，发现皖东北地区北东- 北北东向重力低异常具有弧形条带特征，并以郯庐断裂带为界，大致具有旋转对称性。重磁异常保存印支期构造格架痕迹信息，反映了郯庐断裂带南段时空演化特征，显示了北东- 北北东向主要断裂构造具有继承性，形成于印支期，燕山期继续活动，控制白垩纪“红层盆地”和燕山期成岩成矿作用。中低温热液型金多金属矿床和矽卡岩型铜金矿床是皖东北地区主要矿床类型，均受继承性断裂构造控制。结合郯庐断裂的演化特征，利用物探成果引领地质理论创新，提出了郯庐断裂带南段矿床的“继承性断裂构造控矿模式”。根据继承性断裂构造形成机理分析其空间分布规律，总结了矿化蚀变构造带的物探异常标志，解决了皖东北覆盖区成矿预测与找矿靶区圈定难题，在五河金矿整装勘查区应用取得了重要找矿成果，圈定6个金矿找矿靶区，得到了钻探验证，已发现中型规模金矿床2处、小型3处，估算潜在资源量可达特大型规模，实现了安徽省境内郯庐断裂带金矿找矿的重大突破。  相似文献   

张宣地区大白阳金矿床包裹体特征及矿床剥蚀保存     

徐渴鑫  申俊峰  李胜荣  黄绍峰  张士全  王业晗 《矿床地质》2020,39(6):1030-1048

华北克拉通破坏及其成矿事件已引起地学界的广泛关注，其中张宣地区是华北克拉通的重要金矿集中区之一，通过对张宣地区大白阳金矿成矿类型、成矿深度及剥蚀保存的探讨，为区内深部找矿提供了重要的参考依据。文章通过流体包裹体研究对大白阳金矿成矿温度及成矿深度进行计算，利用矿物压力计对矿区周边岩体侵位深度进行估算。流体包裹体研究结果显示大白阳金矿成矿温度160~220℃、盐度w（NaCl_eq）=9%~15%，密度0.78~0.97 g/cm³、压力46.3~104.6 MPa，成矿流体主要属于NaCl-H₂O体系，成矿过程中流体温度和盐度都呈现明显的降低趋势。采用黑云母压力计，针对大白阳金矿周边谷嘴子、杨家营以及前坝口花岗质岩体的侵位深度进行估算，并对大白阳金矿自形成以来的剥蚀保存情况进行了探讨，估算结果显示，谷嘴子岩体（236.0 Ma）成岩深度7.02 km、杨家营岩体（138.6 Ma）成岩深度2.66 km、前坝口岩体（140.2 Ma）成岩深度3.13 km。结合前人的裂变径迹结果，认为张宣地区自中生代以来剥蚀速率为0.022~0.029 km/Ma，剥蚀量为3 km。按照前述成矿压力46.3~104.6 MPa换算，大白阳金矿成矿深度6.93 km，剥蚀量小于矿床成矿深度，说明该矿深部仍具有良好的找矿前景。  相似文献